After experimental tests, a nonapeptide called teprotide was favored by researchers. Later, many researchers discovered six other peptides. first discovered a polypeptide called BPP5a, which has a good hypotensive effect, but the compound has an extremely short half-life in the human body. This aroused Vane's keen interest in ACE and its inhibitory effect as a means of treating hypertension.Įrreira et al. The role of.Īfterwards, BPF was tested for angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and found to be an effective inhibitor. Ferreira also confirmed that BPF can enhance bradykinin by inhibiting bradykinin degrading enzymes. In 1965, a Brazilian postdoctoral fellow Sergio Ferreira obtained a bradykinin potentiating factor (BPF) extract from the Brazilian viper venom. Vane also gained fame through research on antihypertensive drugs. Vane is a legend and won the 1982 Nobel Prize in Medicine for his research on aspirin. Vane devoted himself to studying the causes of hypertension. Therefore, researchers speculate that there may be a substance that stabilizes bradykinin in venomous snakes.
Bradykinin can only exist stably in snake venom, and its half-life in the human body is extremely short, and it will be completely decomposed in just a few minutes. It was not until 1948 that Rochae Silva extracted a "hypertensive substance" from the snake venom of the Brazilian Agkistrodon, and proved that the substance was a linear nonapeptide compound named "bradykinin". It is therefore speculated that snake venom may contain "hypertensive substances". The only discovery can be traced back to 1933 when Mauricio Rocha, a medical intern at the University of São Paulo e Silva, 1910-1983) found that patients bitten by a Brazilian viper would have symptoms of hypotension. The secret of snake venom-bradykinin was discoveredĬaptopril is the first generation of oral ACEI, which was originally derived from a bradykinin in Brazilian snake venom.
As the first ACEI drug to be marketed, due to its new mechanism of action and revolutionary development process, captopril is considered to be a breakthrough in drug therapy, and this not only proves the important role of ACE on hypertension, It has also become one of the models of drug design and provided a blueprint for the subsequent development of ACEI drugs. Brookings India does not have any institutional views.Captopril is an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor or ACEI), which is used to treat hypertension and certain types of congestive heart failure. “All options come with latent risks and latent costs, but the short answer is there are no good options, and if there were, they would have been explored already,” he said.Ī Hindustan Times article on mapping the pattern on militancy in Kashmir also quotes Mr Jaishankar saying, “Infiltration mostly takes place over the summer, after the snows melt, which may explain why you see more attacks in late summer, extending into September and October.”
The article quotes Dhruva, “The government actually has a very narrow band of options, and even those are not without a certain amount of risk.” India has directly accused Pakistan of involvement in the raid. An article in The Guardian quoted Brookings India Foreign Policy Fellow Dhruva Jaishankar on the likelihood of action against Pakistan after the attacks by four militants on Uri, an army base, where at least 18 Indian soldiers were killed.
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